BAMBANCI TSAKANIN BK, GBK, BKS, NBK A CIKIN KARFE.

BAMBANCI TSAKANIN BK, GBK, BKS, NBK A CIKIN KARFE.

GASKIYA:

Gyaran ƙarfe da daidaita ƙarfe sune hanyoyin magance zafi guda biyu na gama gari.
Manufar maganin zafi na farko: don kawar da wasu lahani a cikin ɓangarorin da samfurori da aka gama, da kuma shirya ƙungiyar don aikin sanyi na gaba da kuma maganin zafi na ƙarshe.
Maƙasudin maganin zafi na ƙarshe: don samun aikin da ake buƙata na aikin aikin.
Manufar annealing da daidaita al'ada shi ne don kawar da wasu lahani da ke haifar da aikin zafi na karfe, ko don shirya don yankewa na gaba da maganin zafi na ƙarshe.

 Rufe karfe:
1. Ra'ayi: Tsarin maganin zafi na dumama sassan ƙarfe zuwa yanayin da ya dace (sama ko ƙasa da Ac1), ajiye shi na wani ɗan lokaci, sannan a hankali sanyaya don samun tsari kusa da ma'auni ana kiransa annealing.
2. Manufar:
(1) Rage taurin da inganta filastik
(2) Tace hatsi da kawar da lahani na tsari
(3) Kawar da damuwa na ciki
(4) Shirya ƙungiyar don kashewa
Nau'in: (Bisa ga zafin jiki na dumama, ana iya raba shi zuwa sama ko ƙasa da zafin jiki mai mahimmanci (Ac1 ko Ac3) na farko kuma ana kiran shi Fase Change recrystallization annealing, ciki har da cikakken annealing, diffusion annealing homogenization annealing, incomplete annealing, da kuma spheroidizing annealing; Na karshen ya hada da recrystallization annealing da danniya taimako annealing.)

•  Cikakken annealing(GBK+A):

1) Concept: Heat da hypoeutectoid karfe (Wc = 0.3% ~ 0.6%) zuwa AC3 + (30 ~ 50) ℃, da kuma bayan shi ne gaba daya austenitized, zafi adana da jinkirin sanyaya (bin tanderu, binne a cikin yashi, lemun tsami), Tsarin maganin zafi don samun tsari kusa da yanayin ma'auni ana kiransa cikakken annealing.2) Manufa: Tsabtace hatsi, tsarin tsari, kawar da damuwa na ciki, rage taurin, da inganta aikin yankewa.
2) Tsari: cikakken annealing da jinkirin sanyaya tare da tanderun na iya tabbatar da hazo na proeutectoid ferrite da canji na supercooled austenite zuwa pearlite a cikin babban zafin jiki a ƙasa Ar1.Rike lokacin da workpiece a annealing zafin jiki ba kawai sa workpiece ƙone ta hanyar, wato, core na workpiece kai da ake bukata dumama zazzabi, amma kuma tabbatar da cewa duk homogenized austenite aka gani don cimma cikakken recrystallization.Lokacin riƙewa na cikakken annealing yana da alaƙa da abubuwa kamar abun da ke ciki na ƙarfe, kauri mai aiki, ƙarfin yin amfani da tanderu da hanyar ɗaukar tanderu.A ainihin samarwa, domin inganta yawan aiki, annealing da sanyaya zuwa game da 600 ℃ na iya zama daga cikin tanderun da kuma iska sanyaya.
Iyakar aikace-aikace: simintin gyare-gyare, walda, ƙirƙira da mirgina na matsakaicin ƙarfe na carbon da matsakaicin carbon gami karfe, da dai sauransu Lura: Ƙananan ƙarfe na carbon da ƙarfe na hypereutectoid bai kamata a share shi sosai ba.Taurin ƙananan ƙarfe na carbon yana da ƙasa bayan an cire shi sosai, wanda ba shi da amfani ga yanke aiki.Lokacin da ƙarfe na hypereutectoid ya yi zafi zuwa austenite jihar sama da Accm kuma a hankali sanyaya kuma annealed, hanyar sadarwa na siminti na biyu yana hazo, wanda ke rage ƙarfi, filastik da tasirin ƙarfin ƙarfe.

• Spheroidizing annealing:

1) Ra'ayi: The annealing tsari don spheroidize carbides a karfe ana kiransa spheroidizing annealing.
2) Tsari: General spheroidizing annealing tsari Ac1 + (10 ~ 20) ℃ aka sanyaya tare da tanderu zuwa 500 ~ 600 ℃ tare da iska sanyaya.
3) Manufar: rage taurin, inganta ƙungiya, inganta filastik da yanke aikin.
4) Iyakar aikace-aikace: yafi amfani da yankan kayan aikin, aunawa kayan aikin, molds, da dai sauransu na eutectoid karfe da hypereutectoid karfe.Lokacin da ƙarfe na hypereutectoid yana da hanyar sadarwa na cementite na biyu, ba wai kawai yana da tauri mai yawa ba kuma yana da wuyar yin yankewa, amma kuma yana ƙara raguwa na karfe, wanda ke da wuyar kashe nakasawa da fashewa.A saboda wannan dalili, dole ne a ƙara tsarin spheroidizing annealing bayan aiki mai zafi na karfe don spheroidize flake infiltrate a cikin siminti na sakandare da aka cire da pearlite don samun pearlite granular.
Yawan sanyaya da zafin jiki na isothermal shima zai shafi tasirin spheroidization na carbide.Matsakaicin sanyi mai sauri ko ƙarancin zafin jiki na isothermal zai haifar da samar da pearlite a ƙananan zafin jiki.Barbashi na carbide suna da kyau sosai kuma tasirin tarawa kaɗan ne, wanda ke sauƙaƙe ƙirƙirar carbide flaky.A sakamakon haka, taurin yana da yawa.Idan yawan sanyaya ya yi jinkiri sosai ko zafin jiki na isothermal ya yi yawa, ƙwayoyin carbide da aka kafa za su kasance masu ƙarfi kuma tasirin agglomeration zai yi ƙarfi sosai.Abu ne mai sauƙi don samar da granular carbides na kauri daban-daban kuma ya sa taurin yayi ƙasa.

•  Homogenization annealing ( yaduwa annealing):

1) Tsari: The zafi magani tsari na dumama gami karfe ingots ko simintin gyaran kafa zuwa 150 ~ 00 ℃ sama da Ac3, rike for 10 ~ 15h sa'an nan sannu a hankali sanyaya don kawar da m sinadaran abun da ke ciki.
2) Manufar: Kawar da dendrite segregation a lokacin crystallization da homogenize da abun da ke ciki.Saboda yawan zafin jiki mai zafi da kuma dogon lokaci, hatsin austenite za su kasance da ƙarfi sosai.Sabili da haka, gabaɗaya ya zama dole don yin cikakkiyar ɓarna ko daidaita al'ada don tace hatsi da kawar da lahani mai zafi.
3) Iyakar aikace-aikace: yafi amfani da gami karfe ingots, simintin gyaran kafa da forgings tare da high quality bukatun.
4) Lura: Babban zafin jiki yaduwa annealing yana da tsawon samar da sake zagayowar, high makamashi amfani, tsanani hadawan abu da iskar shaka da decarburization na workpiece, da kuma high kudin.Wasu ƙananan ƙarfe masu inganci da simintin simintin gyare-gyaren ƙarfe da ƙarfe mai ƙarfi tare da rarrabuwar kawuna kawai ke amfani da wannan tsari.Don yin simintin gyare-gyare tare da ƙananan girman gabaɗaya ko simintin ƙarfe na carbon, saboda ƙarancin matakin rarrabuwar su, ana iya amfani da cikakkiyar cirewa don tace hatsi da kawar da danniya.

• Danniya taimako annealing

1) Ra'ayi: Annealing don cire damuwa da ke haifar da aikin nakasar filastik, walda, da dai sauransu kuma ragowar damuwa a cikin simintin ana kiransa damuwa damuwa.(Babu murdiya da ke faruwa a yayin da ake kawar da damuwa)
2) Tsari: sannu a hankali zafi da workpiece zuwa 100 ~ 200 ℃ (500 ~ 600 ℃) kasa Ac1 da kuma kiyaye shi ga wani lokaci (1 ~ 3h), sa'an nan sannu a hankali kwantar da shi zuwa 200 ℃ tare da tanderu, sa'an nan sanyi. daga tanderun.
Karfe gabaɗaya 500 ~ 600 ℃
Bakin ƙarfe gabaɗaya ya wuce buckles 550 a 500-550 ℃, wanda zai haifar da graphitization na pearlite cikin sauƙi.Welding sassa ne kullum 500 ~ 600 ℃.
3) Iyakar aikace-aikace: Kawar da saura danniya a cikin simintin gyare-gyare, ƙirƙira, welded sassa, sanyi hatimi sassa da injuna workpieces don daidaita girman karfe sassa, rage nakasawa da kuma hana fasa.

Daidaita Karfe:
1. Ra'ayi: dumama karfe zuwa 30-50 ° C sama da Ac3 (ko Accm) kuma riƙe shi don lokacin da ya dace;tsarin kula da zafi na sanyaya a cikin iska mai sanyi ana kiransa normalizing na karfe.
2. Manufa: Tace hatsi, daidaitaccen tsari, daidaita taurin, da dai sauransu.
3. Organization: Eutectoid karfe S, hypoeutectoid karfe F + S, hypereutectoid karfe Fe3CⅡ + S
4. Tsari: Daidaita lokacin adana zafi daidai yake da cikakken annealing.Ya kamata a dogara ne akan aikin aikin ta hanyar ƙonawa, wato, ainihin ya kai ga zafin da ake buƙata na dumama, kuma ya kamata a yi la'akari da abubuwa kamar karfe, tsarin asali, ƙarfin wutar lantarki da kayan dumama.Hanyar kwantar da hankali da aka fi amfani da ita ita ce fitar da karfe daga cikin tanderun dumama da sanyaya shi a cikin iska.Don manyan sassa, ana iya amfani da busa, fesa da daidaita nisa tazara na sassan ƙarfe don sarrafa adadin sanyaya na sassan ƙarfe don cimma ƙungiyar da ake buƙata da aiki.

5. Kewayon aikace-aikace:

• 1) Inganta aikin yankan karfe.Karfe na carbon da ƙananan ƙarfe tare da abun ciki na carbon da ke ƙasa da 0.25% suna da ƙananan taurin bayan annealing, kuma suna da sauƙin "manne" yayin yankan.Ta hanyar daidaita jiyya, ana iya rage ferrite kyauta kuma ana iya samun flake pearlite.Ƙara taurin zai iya inganta machinability na karfe, ƙara yawan rayuwar kayan aiki da kuma ƙarshen aikin aikin.
• 2) Kawar da thermal sarrafa lahani.Matsakaicin simintin ƙarfe na simintin ƙarfe, juzu'i, sassa na birgima da sassa na walda suna da lahani zuwa ga lahani mai zafi da kuma tsarin daɗaɗɗen nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan hatsi bayan dumama.Ta hanyar daidaita jiyya, ana iya kawar da waɗannan ɓangarorin ɓarna, kuma ana iya cimma manufar gyaran hatsi, tsarin iri ɗaya da kawar da damuwa na ciki.
• 3) Kawar da cibiyar sadarwa carbides na hypereutectoid karfe, sauƙaƙe spheroidizing annealing.Karfe na Hypereutectoid ya kamata a sanya spheroidized a shafe kafin a kashe shi don sauƙaƙe aikin injin da shirya tsarin don kashewa.Koyaya, lokacin da akwai manyan carbides na cibiyar sadarwa a cikin ƙarfe na hypereutectoid, ba za a sami sakamako mai kyau na spheroidizing ba.Za'a iya kawar da carbide ta yanar gizo ta hanyar daidaita jiyya.
• 4) Inganta kayan aikin injiniya na sassa na tsarin gama gari.Wasu carbon karfe da gami karfe sassa tare da danniya danniya da low yi bukatun suna al'ada don cimma wani m inji yi, wanda zai iya maye gurbin quenching da tempering jiyya a matsayin karshe zafi magani na sassa.

Zabi na annealing da normalizing
Babban bambanci tsakanin annealing da normalizing:
1. Adadin sanyaya na al'ada yana da sauri fiye da annealing, kuma digiri na rashin sanyi ya fi girma.
2. Tsarin da aka samu bayan al'ada ya fi kyau, kuma ƙarfi da taurin sun fi girma fiye da na annealing.Zabi na annealing da normalizing:

• Don ƙananan ƙarfe na carbon tare da abun ciki na carbon <0.25%, ana amfani da al'ada yawanci maimakon annealing.Saboda saurin sanyaya adadin zai iya hana ƙarancin ƙarfe na carbon daga hado siminti na sakandare kyauta tare da iyakar hatsi, don haka inganta aikin nakasar sanyi na sassan stamping;normalizing zai iya inganta taurin karfe da kuma yanke aikin ƙananan ƙarfe na carbon;A cikin tsarin maganin zafi, ana iya amfani da al'ada don tsaftace hatsi da inganta ƙarfin ƙananan ƙarfe na carbon.
• Matsakaicin ƙarfe na carbon tare da abun ciki na carbon tsakanin 0.25 zuwa 0.5% kuma ana iya daidaita shi a maimakon annealing.Ko da yake taurin matsakaicin carbon karfe kusa da babba iyaka na carbon abun ciki ne mafi girma bayan al'ada, shi har yanzu za a iya yanke da farashin normalizing Low da high yawan aiki.
• Karfe tare da abun ciki na carbon tsakanin 0.5 da 0.75%, saboda babban abun ciki na carbon, taurin bayan daidaitawa yana da girma fiye da na annealing, kuma yana da wuya a yanke.Sabili da haka, ana amfani da cikakken annealing gabaɗaya don rage taurin da inganta yanke.Yin aiki.
• Babban karfen carbon ko kayan aikin ƙarfe tare da abun ciki na carbon> 0.75% gabaɗaya suna amfani da spheroidizing annealing azaman maganin zafi na farko.Idan akwai hanyar sadarwa na siminti na biyu, ya kamata a daidaita shi da farko.

Source: adabin ƙwararrun injiniyoyi.

Edita: Ali